Growth rates are calculated with adjustments for leap-years.

The use of data is conditional on citing the original data sources.


FOSSIL FUEL EMISSIONS
Carbon dioxide emissions from the use of coal, oil and gas (combustion and industrial processes), the process of gas flaring and the manufacture of cement. For more information, see: Andrew and Peters, 2022. Note that the full dataset from 1750 can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234

DEFINITIONS

Territorial Emissions: Carbon dioxide emissions attributed to the country in which they physically occur. For more information see: Andrew and Peters (2022).

• Coal: Carbon dioxide emissions from the oxidation of coal.
• Oil: Carbon dioxide emissions from the oxidation of oil.
• Gas: Carbon dioxide emissions from the oxidation of natural gas.
• Gas flaring: Carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of vented natural gas and the venting of CO₂ in the oil and gas industry converting methane into carbon dioxide.
• Cement: Carbon dioxide emissions from chemical reactions in the manufacture of cement. Some emissions from the production of lime are also included.

Consumption Emissions: Carbon dioxide emissions occurring anywhere in the world attributed to the country in which goods and services are consumed.

Transfer Emissions: The net difference between territorial and consumption emissions; representing the emissions from the production of exports minus the emissions from the production of imports.

Bunkers: Carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of international bunker fuels, used for international transportation, often outside of any national territory and by convention not included in national emissions totals. For more information see: Andrew and Peters (2021).

UNITS
MtCO₂ = 1 million tonnes of CO₂
To convert between carbon dioxide (CO₂) and carbon (C): 3.664 Mt CO₂ = 1 Mt C.

kgCO₂ per GDP
Carbon Intensity: Total CO₂ emissions divided by GDP.
GDP: Gross Domestic Product, measured in US dollars (USD) at Purchasing Power Parity rates.

tCO₂ per person
Emissions per person: t CO₂ per person = tonnes CO₂ per person.
CO₂ emissions per person are measured as the total CO₂ produced by a country as a consequence of human activities and are divided by the population of that country.

LAND-USE CHANGE EMISSIONS
Carbon dioxide emissions from land use, land use change and forestry (primarily deforestation). Global data values have an uncertainly of ±2 GtCO₂ reported as ±1 sigma (68% chance that the real value lies within the given interval). Regional data generally have uncertainty of about ± 50%. For more information see: Friedlingstein et al. 2022.

UNCERTAINTY
Global data have an uncertainly of ± 5% reported as ±1 sigma (68% chance that the real value lies within the given interval). Country data have variable uncertainty, generally of a few percent in industrialised countries and about ± 10% in China.

METHODS
Detailed methods are provided in a working paper by Andrew and Peters (2022).

Andrew, R.M. and Peters, G.P. (2022): The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO₂ emissions dataset. October, 17, 2022. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234

COUNTRIES WHOSE EMISSIONS HAVE BEEN ESTIMATED IN EARLY YEARS
Data for some countries have been generated using “disaggregation” of CDIAC’s data because of changes in nation states over time. For example, emissions data for Russia are not available prior to 1990. To generate a more complete and useful time series we have estimated emissions for Russia prior to 1990 first by using data from BP back to 1985, then by assuming that the share of Russia’s emissions in the USSR was constant up until 1985. Countries whose data are affected by this estimation method are listed below, and their data in earlier periods must be considered to have significantly higher uncertainty.

Before 2012: Republic of South Sudan, Republic of Sudan
Before 2012: Bonaire, Saint Eustatius, and Saba; Saint Martin (Dutch Portion); Curacao
Before 2006: Montenegro, Serbia
Before 1985: Russian Federation, Georgia, Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Slovenia
Before 1986: Aruba
Before 1972: Pakistan, Bangladesh
Before 1964: Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi
Before 1962: Rwanda, Burundi
Before 1945: Republic Of Korea, Democratic People's Republic Of Korea


REGIONAL DETAILS
Regional details use for fossil fuels emissions data

Color	Regions	Countries
	Africa	Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, South Sudan, Sudan, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
	Asia	Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, North Korea, Georgia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Macao, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, South Korea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam
	Central America	Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, BES (Bonaire, Saint Eustatius, and Saba), British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint Helena, Saint Lucia, Sint Maarten (Dutch portion), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands
	Europe	Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom
	Middle East	Bahrain, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
	North America	Canada, Greenland, Mexico, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, United States of America (USA)
	Oceania	Australia, Cook Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Islands
	South America	Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela

Regional details for Land Use Change data

Color	Regions	Countries
	Canada	Canada
	United States	United States
	Caribbean	Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin (French part), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States Virgin Islands
	Central America & Mexico	Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala
	NonTropical S. America	Argentina, Chile, Uruguay
	Tropical S. America	Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Bolivar Rep of.
	Europe	Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
	Former Soviet Union	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova Rep., Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
	North Africa & Middle East	Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
	Central Africa	Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda
	East Africa	Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania
	Southern Africa	Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe
	West Africa	Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
	China	China
	East Asia	Dem People's Rep. of Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Republic of Korea, Singapore
	South Asia	Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
	Southeast Asia	Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Dem. Rep, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam
	Oceania	Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Samoa, Sao Tome Prn, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu